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| 1216 |
| | | The Dominicans are formally established by Pope Honorius III as Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum, the Order of the Friars Preachers | |
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| 1219 |
| | | St Francis of Assisi joins a crusading army in Egypt and attempts to convert the sultan Melek-el-Kamel and his followers to Christianity | |
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| 1223 |
| | | The Franciscans are formally established by Honorius III as Ordo Fratrum Minorum, the Order of the Friars Minor | |
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| 1233 |
| | | Gregory IX sends Dominican friars to root out the remains of the Catharist heresy in France, thus launching the Inquisition | |
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| 1256 |
| | | Pope Alexander IV establishes a third order of preaching friars, the Augustinians | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The local sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel outrages a friar teaching in Wittenberg, Martin Luther | |
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| 1521 |
| | | Ignatius of Loyola, recovering from a wound received as a soldier at Pamplona, is inspired by reading the lives of the saints | |
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| 1525 |
| | | Luther, a former friar, marries Catherine von Bora, a former nun who has just emerged from her convent | |
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| 1540 |
| | | Pope Paul III establishes Ignatius Loyola and his followers as the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Francis Xavier, companion of Ignatius Loyola and the first missionary of the Counter-Reformation, sets sail from Lisbon | |
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